最近很多華人聯名在抵抗加州的一條把亞裔按細致的國家分類的入學法案,具體是什麼大家都知道,我就不提了,所以很多人就問我如何看待此事,我寫這些文章的目的,是既不參與宗教活動,也不參與政治討論。但由於該話題涉及到這個議題,我就稍微解釋一下憲法裡面的涉及此事的制度,沒有個人觀點,純屬就事論事,學術討論一下。

slide_7

Whenever a court deals with civil liberties or rights in the constitution, the outcome often depends on the level of scrutiny used不管美國的法院在處理民事自由權或者憲法權利的時候,最終的結果都取決於他們將會使用哪種層面的監管。

introduction-to-civil-liberties-11-728

最容易吻合的是 Rational Basis Test 合理的基礎測試就說這種是看regulations that do not affect fundamental rights or involve suspect or quasi-suspect classifications are reviewed under the rational basis standard: the law is upheld if it is rationally related to a legitimate government purpose,就說這種監管方式並不影響基礎權利或者敏感的分類,該方式只是通過合法的手段去達到政府的目的。This is a very easy standard to meet; therefore the law is usually valid—unless it is arbitrary or irrational. The person challenging the law has the burden of proof,這種是比較容易達到的,所以一般都是成立的,除非獨裁或者不合理,但是挑戰該法律的人有提供證明的責任。比如政府沒錢了要消減殘疾人的經費,就屬於這種,法院會受理。一般情況下,如果分類是這種的話,一般情況下政府贏的概率比較高。

maxresdefault

居於中間位置的是 Intermediate scrutiny 中度監管就是說 regulations involving quasi-suspect classifications are reviewed under the intermediate scrutiny standard: the law is upheld if it is substantially related to an important government purpose,如果政府制定政策的原因比較傾向於一些敏感的人群,當法律緊密聯繫到重要的政府目的的時候,比如女性或者不同的種族,這種情況下,政府輸的概率就比較高。比如政府沒錢了要消減女性殘疾人的經費,就屬於這種。It is unclear who has burden of proof. It is probably the government. 這種就很難定性是是哪方要去舉證,非常有可能是政府要去舉證。

pj6pxcg9iszbsq0ngstkta_m

最難的是Strict scrutiny嚴格監管就是說regulations affecting fundamental rights or involving suspect classifications are reviewed under the strict scrutiny standard: the law is upheld if it is necessary to achieve a compelling government purpose,該法案影響了人們的基礎權利或者特殊種族分類,就說法律是被支持的如果需要達到令人信服的政府目的。This is a difficult test to meet, and so a law examined under a strict scrutiny standard will often be invalidated—especially when there is a less burdensome alternative to achieve the government’s goal. The government has the burden to proof. 這種嚴格監管是非常難達到的,當法律在嚴格監管的情況下被檢驗的時候一般都是不有效的,特別是有比較少的負擔的可以選擇的去達到政府的目標。比如不讓黑人去上學就屬於這種。政府要去舉證證明對該種族沒有嚴重的歧視。

slide_9

一般在公平的處理時間的原則出發的情況,確定是哪一個類型的政府監管直接覺定了案件的成敗。

court-forms_0

Published by 肖俊俏

肖俊俏,律师,客座教授,教育学博士教育行政管理方向(2014),法律博士(2019),工商管理学博士信息与数据科学方向(2021),葫芦丝演奏家。 Junqiao Xiao, Attorney at Law; Adjunct Professor at CSML, CSPP, AIU. Doctor of Education in Educational Leadership and Management (2014); Juris Doctor (2019); Doctor of Business Administration - Information and Data Science (2021); Hulusi Musician.

Leave a comment

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *