很多人在合同法的學習過程中對UCC section 2-207: Additional Terms in Acceptance有一些疑惑,那麼今天我就深入和大家聊一下這條讓人極易費解的Battle of the Forms。 Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) 專門管理goods。那什麼是good呢? good 是可移動可觸摸的東西。一個合同的構成需要offer, acceptance, consideration。那麼UCC 2-207存在於acceptance 這個部分。
比如我寫信給你“你每個月送10斤有機藍莓到我的蛋糕店可好?”你三日後回信說“行,但是你如果要拒絕接收藍莓的話,要在收到藍莓後24小時內告知,可以嗎?”我沒有回复。我們彼此生意往來九個月,我忽然發現藍莓不是有機的,就拒絕接收藍莓,你卻說著過去的九個月足以證明我接受你的所有條款。那麼在這個案例裡面,24小時拒絕收貨通知就成了附加條款,這條附加條款是否存在於合同中就成了關鍵。就用這個例子,我們來看如何使用UCC 2-207。
UCC 2-207: (1) A definite and seasonable expression of acceptance or a written confirmation which is sent within a reasonable time operates as an acceptance even though it states terms additional to or different from those offered or agreed upon, unless acceptance is expressly made conditional on assent to the additional or different terms.
這句話很長,需要分成幾個部分來理解,針對我提出的藍莓送貨事宜,你對我的回信必須要及時,總不能讓我等上一年半載,三天后回复我算是合情合理。你也必須要明確表達你確實願意接受我的提案在合理的時間裡,就算你的接受是有額外附加條款也沒有關係,除非你明確指明只有我接受你的條款你才答應送貨。就是說你接受我的條件,我才接受你的提案。但是在這裡你用的是問句,所以語氣和態度也不是很強烈,所以也算不上硬性條件了。
(2) The additional terms are to be construed as proposals for addition to the contract.
Between merchants such terms become part of the contract unless:
(a) The offer expressly limits acceptance to the terms of the offer;
(b) They materially alter it; or
(c) Notification of objection to them has already been given or is given within a reasonable time after notice of them is received.
在普通人的交易中,額外的條款只是一種鏡面的提議。但是我們雙方都是商人,在此情況下,附加條款會自動變成合同的組成部分,除非以下三種情況發生。首先,原始的提案中就明確限制你增加附加條款。其次,附加條款更改了原始合同的本質。最後, 拒絕接收的此條款的通知需要在合理的時間內提出當收到後。這三種情況在我們的合同中都未發生,因此,你的附加條款自動變成合同的一個組成部分,儘管我沒有書面上肯定。
(3) Conduct by both parties which recognizes the existence of a contract is sufficient to establish a contract for sale although the writings of the parties do not otherwise establish a contract. In such case the terms of the particular contract consist of those terms on which the writings of the parties agree, together with any supplementary terms incorporated under any other provisions of this Act.
就算雙方沒有紙面合同,但是大家用彼此貿易往來的行動可以去合同的存在。我們彼此生意往來九個月,那說明我們大家都默認了合同的存在,既然你的附加條款是合同的一個不可分割的組成部分,那麼也是不可分割的存在了。
但實際真是案列總是比紙上談兵複雜得多,限於字數的限制,我也只能就此止步了。
一起來聽首唱UCC 2-207的歌: